 海外に遠征するスケーターが国際語と言える英語をマスターしていなくては話しになりません。多民族国家のアメリカだからでしょうか、USARS のルールブックの巻末にスケート用語辞典が付随していましたので、掲載します。私達にとっても、これは必須の英単語だと思います。1 word a day。
SPEED SKATING DICTIONARY of USARS- amateur competitive roller skater - A person who conducts him or herself in the Olympic tradition of good sportsmanship while engaging in USARS competitions and all other sponsored activities of the Confederation. The amateur competitor must be truthful and honorable in dealing with other athletes and officials and when establishing eligibility for USARS competitive events which are determined by age or previous competitive experience. There are no occupational requisites or restrictions applied to USARS amateur competitive eligibility.
- barrier - The outside wall, railing, or traffic line forming the boundaries of the skating surface.
- blocking - A foul; any unnatural method used by one skater to prevent another from passing, with or without body contact.
- captain - A member chosen by a relay team to represent them in an official capacity. Since only relay team members are allowed on the skating surface during a relay event, rules do not permit appointment of another skater or nonskating captain.
- championship - 1. A group of contests qualifying a skater to or toward the national championships; sometimes called a qualifying meet. 2. A non-qualifying meet which follows specific rules concerning officials, awards and events, such as a league or unofficial state championship.
- charging - A foul; a trailing skater overtaking another skater in such a manner as to cause body contact which disrupts the normal progression of the skater or skaters passed.
chief timekeeper - The official responsible for determining the official time of a race, which is to be recorded by the tabulator.
- club - A group of skaters registered in the USARS for the purpose of promoting and enjoying competitive roller skating.
- commission - A certification granted by USARS to individuals who meet the requirements for officiating or refereeing in speed skating contests.
- competitive age - The age of a contestant as of January 1st of the current competitive year.
- competitive steward - An official charged with the undelayed succession of competitors in their proper order for each race. Also charged with checking contestants for compliance with uniform, equipment and safety rules.
- competitive year - The period beginning on September 1st of one year and ending on August 31st of the next succeeding year, dates inclusive.
- corner - 1. The area of the skating surface permitting the shortest linear dimension parallel to the barrier, or at right angles to the straightaway; the area of a skating surface of least length. 2. Any one of four positions on a track indicating a proper placement of a corner marker. 3. The area in the vicinity of the corner marker.
- corner marker - A device, officially designated by rule as to size and construction, placed at each of the four corners of a speed track; also known as pylons.
- disqualification – 1. Elimination from consideration for placement. 2. Elimination of an individual contestant for an infraction of procedures or rules of conduct. 3. Elimination of a team because of an individual or team rule infraction. 4. Elimination of an entire club from participation in a contest for flagrant or continual violation of the rules. 5. Elimination from one race in a division of competition. 6. Meet disqualification-Elimination from all races, including relays, in a competition.
- distanced skater - A skater who is further than one lap behind the leader or leaders of a race and not in a position to place and is disqualified by the referee for being distanced.
- elbowing - A foul; use of the elbows by a contestant which interferes with the progress of another contestant.
- event - One race in a division of competition.
- false start - 1. Any start which must be recalled. 2. Any infraction or irregularity on the part of a skater or skaters which necessitates a restart. 3. Any irregularity on the part of officials or spectators which necessitates a restart.
- final - The concluding race in a particular distance of a division, or, the concluding race of a division competition.
- final placement - The rank of the contestants or teams after the completion of all races in a division of competition.
- finish - The end of any race; the instant the last remaining contestant completes the final lap of a race.
- finish line - The line marking the completion of a distance at which a race is to end.
- flying start - An illegal start; a skater being in rolling motion prior to the starting signal for a race. This does not apply to the open-type races where a rolling start is used, with the referee leading a pace lap or laps from the inside of the track to the timing line.
- foul - A violation of a rule, procedure or conduct. 1. personal-a violation by one skater against another 2. technicala violation of track rule or procedure 3. team-a violation of team rules in a relay race
- gate area - 1. A marked or painted system of lanes from which members of a relay team enter a race. 2. The center area of the skating surface located to the inside of the speed track.
- heat - A preliminary race qualifying contestants to a semi-final or final in a given distance of a division.
- hipping - A foul; the intentional use of the hips by a contestant to gain an advantage over or disrupt the progress of another contestant.
- jamming - A foul; a skater suddenly slowing up, causing the trailing skaters to run into each other.
- judge - 1. Corner judge-a commissioned official stationed outside each corner marker to observe the performance of contestants within the area and to note any infractions, personal or technical, which occur. 2. Placement judge-a commissioned official stationed at the finish line of a race to determine in what order a contestant finished. 3. Auxiliary corner judge-same duties as corner judge. 4. Chief placement judge-a commissioned official assigned the responsibility of listing the placement of all skaters in an event, checking placement of the place judges and submitting place sheet forms, in the order of placement, to the tabulator. 5. Relay judge-a commissioned official responsible for relay team conduct pertaining to number of laps, legality of relay and gate area conduct.
- lane - Any one single part of a gate area, each lane being a maximum of two-and-a-half feet wide and a maximum of 22 feet long.
- lap - 1. One complete circuit of the measured and marked track. In relay skating, a complete circuit is considered to be from pylon 4 to pylon 4. (The lap is considered complete when the skater enters the relay zone.) 2. The count of the lap being skated.
- lap counter - A series of cards or an electronic device used to indicate or announce the number of laps remaining to be skated.
- lapped skater - A skater who has been overtaken by the leader or leaders of the race and allowed to continue by the referee. The overtaken skater being at least one lap behind and may be in position to place. leaving the gate area - In relays, a contestant is considered to have left the gate area when he or she has all the wheels of both skates outside of the designated gate area.
- loafing - The act of any skater not skating to the best of his/her ability.
- meet - A competition consisting of more than one contest.
- meter - The basic unit of length in the metric system; equivalent to 39.37 inches.
- no contest - A ruling by the referee which requires that a heat, semi-final or a final be re-run.
- pace - 1. The stride and rate of movement maintained by a group of skaters in a pack; distinguishable from a sprint by the unity of movement among the several skaters in the pack. 2. The rate of progression of the leading skater in a race.
- pass - The act of a trailing skater overtaking a leading skater and moving into a more forward position in the pack.
- passing area - Any part of or location on an official track.
- points - The value of first, second, third or fourth place in a final race.
- protest - A written complaint concerning amateur status, eligibility, conduct, competition, officials or membership. (See USARS General Rules, section 12.00.)
- pushing - A foul; intentional body conduct by one skater against another.
- pylon - Same as corner marker.
- qualifying meet - A group of contests qualifying a skater to or toward the national championships.
- qualifying placement - 1. Placement in a race which is high enough to permit advancement to the next race in the same contest. 2. Placing first, second or third in a contest which permits advancement to the same contest in the next higher ranking championship. 3. Placing first, second, third or fourth in a Junior Olympic contest which permits advancement to the same contest in the next higher ranking championship.
- race - A contest between two or more skaters to determine which can skate a given distance in the fastest time; sometimes called an event.
- re-entry zone - The area of the track between pylons 1 and 2 through which a member of a relay team must pass when returning to the gate area.
- referee - A commissioned official to discharge the duties as required by rule and prescribed for the contests to be skated.
- relay - 1. Any kind of speed skating involving two or more skaters functioning as a unit as provided by rule. 2. The act of relieving a team member in a relay race. When the actual relay is made, both skaters’ skates must be inside the relay zone.
- relay zone - The area of the track within which a relay must be completed as defined by rule and properly designated on the track.
- re-skate - 1. To repeat any part of a contest; also called re-run. 2. The act of repeating any part of a contest which has been nullified by the referee.
- riding in - A foul; contestant’s body contact from the outside of the track forcing another skater from the line of travel.
- riding out - A foul; contestant’s body contact from the inside of the track forcing another skater from the line of travel.
- right-of-way - The privilege of leading contestants to an unobstructed track when overtaking a lapped skater or skaters. (This privilege does not include permission for leading contestants to push or make contact with the lapped skater or skaters.)
- shoving - A foul; one skater intentionally pushing another with the intent to impede his or her progress in the race.
- shuttle skating - A foul; abnormal movement from side to side across the normal line of travel by a leading skater to hinder a trailing skater.
- sprint - 1. A distance not to exceed 1500m. 2. The act of a contestant in taking the lead and leaving the pack in a distance race; breaking the pace to take the lead.
- start - The beginning of any race in a speed contest; the sounding of the starter’s gun.
- starter - The commissioned official whose duty is to start races in a speed contest.
- starting line - The line marked on the track from which a race is to begin.
- straddling the pylons - Occurring when a skater has one skate on the floor outside the pylon and the other skate is inside the pylon and the wheels are below the top of the pylon.
- straightaway - 1. The area of the skating surface permitting the greatest linear dimension parallel to the barrier; the area of a skating surface of greatest length. 2. The area of a track between corner markers 2 and 3, and markers 4 and 1.
- tabulator - A commissioned official whose duties include recording the entry and tabulation of contest results.
- teamwork - A foul; two or more skaters acting together to prevent another or others from passing.
- timer - A commissioned official whose duty is to determine the elapsed time of any race.
- timing line - The designated position on the track where the timers’ watches are started to begin recording the elapsed time of a race. On a 100m track, the timing line will be located in the same position as the finish line.
- track - An official registered course, laid out and marked on a skating surface for the purpose of running races. The inside boundary of the track is indicated by corner markers, the outside boundary by the wall, barrier or outermost edge of the skating surface.
- tripping - A foul; action by one skater which obstructs another’s footing, whether or not a fall results.
- weaving - A foul; irregular or unnecessary side to side movement of a contestant when skating the straightaway of the track-a type of blocking.
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